ERIC ED117707: International News in United States Media: Myths, Stereotypes and Realities.

D0(50HEHT BESUME

2D 117 707

AUTHOR*
TITLE

POB DATE
"ROTE -

CS 202 157

lent*, John A.

international News in United States Media: Myths,

5tereol:ype§-and-Trealiti-eSi — — — - — — —

75

'"pTj "Taper -presented- a+.-^ifew -Trend-s

teaching— Asia

Workshop" (Temple University, Ambler Campus, October
2tr,~ '1*975? " ■ ' ' ■ ■ •'- ~ —

BDRS .PRICE
DESCRIPTORS

MF-S0.83 HC-S1.67 Plus Postage

♦Foreign Relations; International Organizations;
Journalism; *Mass Media;' ♦News Media; Newspapers;
♦News Reporting; Radio} Television
♦International News

IDENTIFIERS

ABSTRACT • •• ...

Research conducted' during the past 20 years reveals
.that, .except for the "New York Times," "Christian Science Monitor,"
and ."Wall Street Journal," united States daily newspapers are not
known for outstanding international news coverage; that European,
Bnglish, Canadian, Latin American, and Asian newspapers use
disproportionately larger -amounts of international news than their
American counterpart's; and that the United States is covered much
more thoroughly in the press abroad than foreign nations are reported
in the United states press. In trying to account: for these facts, it
may be seen that in the United States international news coverage and
usage are: often determined by considerations of international
diplomacy, national government and military policies, and
historical-cultural heritage; often crisis, oriented; often affected
by censorship policies and image building activities of other
countries; affecteld by a dwindling corps of adequately trained
correspondents abroad and by globally blind editors cemented to their
swivel chairs stateside; -and guided by an American public not
generally noted for being cosmopolitan or well informed on world
affairs. (JM)

********************

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International News in Ihited States Media: Myths, Stereotypes
' and Realities

by Dr. John A. Lent

Associate Professor of Communications
Temple University
Philadelphia, Pa. 19122

Paper presented at "Mew' Trends in Teaching Asia Workshop."
Temple University, Ambler Campus, October 2ii, 197$.

9

Intdmationil New* In ttiited Statas Madias

. . . _M(ythe» ' Stereofc^gs jrcd, Realitiea

..... _ _ Btjr Dr# John A* Lent

With the continual outpourings of messages warning of , or calling
for, a KcLuhanesque H global village," it is tempting to assume that the
highly-developed United States mass media are providing greater quanti-
ties of international news .with more in-depth and fairer treatments;

j

v

that the American public, surrounded by mass media, is becoming critical
followers of international affairs. However, this is not the picture
that emerges from looking at research conducted during the past twenty
years*

The research tells us that United States daily newspapers, despite
their much larger news yoluraes, are not known for outstanding international
coverage, the Stew York Times , Christian Science Monitor and Wall Street

Journal being exceptions* Available content analyses have shown that

1 2 3 l! t

European, English, Canadian, Latin American and Asian newspapers use

disproportionately larger amounts of international news than their Ameri-
can counterparts, and that the United States is ctTered much more thouroughly

i " - j 6

in the press abroad than thfrse areas are reported in the United States press*

Some of the researchers confirmed bhe seemingly obvious point that the

United States is seen as a major news source— as a giver, rather than

receiver, of news~be9ause of its Big Power status (many of its actions

affecting other world jfegions), and because of its pervasive, worldwide

t / 8 9

network of news agencies* Others, Lynch and Alfonso among them, have
concluded that newspaper accounts of foreign affairs are colored by phi-
losophic, moral and political perspectives prevailing in the nations where

s ' 3

Unt/2 . '

■ I!

the ,a«ser io published, m& still other researchers have fihewi that foraign
news In United States newspapers often deals with crises, .the blaarro or

, ; __ . . - ■ ■ - % Q ' " ' ~ ~

outlandiah or the East-Weat stnifgle.

In thia paper, I would like to consider rive factors which might
account for the atate of foreifja newa coverage in the United Statea mass
media. Aaian examples will be used to aupport the pointa made*

!• International newa coverage and ussa%e are often determined by
considerations of International diplomacy, national government and mill-.
tary policies and hlatoeical-eultural heritag e.

There are research studies that support thia statement. Davison, '
after Interviewing a number of foreign correspondents, iaplled that ia-
ternatlonal diplomacy is a major deterrainmt of what foreign newa la re-
ported. Correspondents told Davison that diplomats often use them either
to change a nation's Image or to communicate with another country. In
another study,/\Effendi showed that New York Times editorial treatment of

India increased favorably as United States relations with India were im-
12

proved. An impressionistic analysis of United States media coverage
of the People's Republic of China before and after Nixon's visit to that
eountry in the early 1970b would reveal aimilar findings. Certainly there
was an aboutface 'in US media coverage of China after the visit} e.g., there
were fewer stories of the "yellow peril" type, and many newepapera for the
first time, referred to the nation as the People's Republic of China, in-
stead of Communist China, Red China or the Commies.

Pointing out that the press is an instrument for the expression and
promotion of national perspectivea in international relatione, Alfonso
concluded that the attitudes of US dailies when reporting Philippine events

Leat/3 *

9

reflected a dstire aiJdlar to that of the Jtasrictti govtituwital, Military
and lndaatilia ^agtoi!aa«t < M >»a ar¥a th a at a t.ua quo in tha Philippine

In-faett-aooordlftft-to Alfonao^aiilippina_iiiMa aalrima jppw.ral in l»nlt«rf

States newfpapert until riots rocked Hanil* itt-I970-*di«turbaac« so ^ _

13

oerioua they could not go unreported. * J In an analyaia of the coverage
©f the Tonkin Qui* Incident in Time , ?lcwgwaek and U.S. Mews & World fleport .
another reaearcher found that news aterioa of this important event were
always written to protect United States interests.

Certainly there has been abundant evidence in recent years to indicate

1*>

thnt the United States military, Central Intelligence Agency and other
organizations have determined how American wartime activity was reported.
In hio excellent book, The First Casualty, Phillip Khightlay, stating that
news coverage of war is generally based on the national orientations of the
correspondents, showed that Dunkirk was reported by Western correspondents
as a victory, not withdrawals that Chiang Kai-shek's World War II regime
was portrayed as the opposite of the masaively corrupt, brutal or ineffi-
cient government that it was, and that American reporters, to prove their
patriotism in World War II, Korea and Vietnam, "got on side and went along
with the United States military's view of how the war should be reported." 1 ^
Knightley said that in the struggle to defeat Japan, the main purpose of

m

news was "to render the greatest possible aid to the American war effort.

Truth and objectivity would have toU&ld to a wholehearted patriotic par-

17

ticipation in the conflict." As a result, war correspondents tradition-
ally have assumed added roles of propagandist, fighting soldier, and in
some cases, intelligence agent; in the process, they have often dehumanized
the enemy in their stories, creating racial stereotypes that have endured,
romanticized and sterilized war, omitting the misery, atrocities and other
realities, and become themselves so emotionally involved that they could

5

Leat/U

oeo. the war ©nly tfor©ur?h the ©yes of the adlitary. Tho result has bean
Jfe?L!l!!Uifii^^ Knlf»htley
a atd. £vm in the coverage of television's flrat war, Vietnam, It took
many years—and lives—before reality got an edge over myth.

Finally, a nation's historical and cultural inheritance often decides
the stress cjlven foreign news in ite preae. Thie can be seen In many J'
newly-emergent countries which continue t© report laviahly on their former
colonialists. In the United States, with ita Anglo Saxon heritage jfc mass
media still devote a major portion of theii^f ©reign news budget to/ Western
fcuropej In fast, the largest corps of United States foreign correspondente*
is atatiened In England and France.

2. International news cove rage and usaap;e by the United . Statea mass media
are often erisis-orien ted . '\

This should not come as a surprise) Weatern reporting historically
has played up the violent, disastrous, in ahort, bad newa. ^he complaint, *
however, mmea from developing nations which, having guided their own mass •

media toward reporting positive governmental goals, do not appreciate Western

only

media harplngAon their bad newa. The complaint has aome Juetification aa
pointed out by Besa and Woollacott. Beaa, in a study of the coverage of
post-martial law Philippines, in three international magazines, showed that
whereaa the British and Hong Kong periodicals concentrated on Hew Society
developmental programs, especially those of an economic nature, the United
States magazine ^ave the most play to the Muslim conflict in Mindanao. 20

f

Woollacott reported that "in the Philippines, few (Western) reporters visit
model land reform projects in Luzon, but hundreds have gone down to Mindanao
to. cover the war between Mualim eeceasionists and the Government army....
With China, there is concentration on the succesaion question and the possi-
bility of serious conflict after Mao's death." 21 As a Filipino information

6

lent/0

of fieial told Woollaeett, "It ia «9 If Weater.1 reporter feel their Job
in my developing society ia t© identify that society' • weakest points and

• - - - - - - — --- - - . — . - - — j

biggest problems and then make thorn worse by exaggeration and imreraittins

22 ' : — ■ :

publicity, • The same eomplainta haw been voiced by other Asian govern-
ments, especially those, more recently, of Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladaah
and India.

Perhaps there io oome truth in-Woollacett's assessment that the
crisis reporting results from the "West's deep disillusion with nearly
all pest-colonial soeietieo, as well as the Western assumption that the
West is still tflo ultimate arbiter of the reatV the worl#. w It is
more likely, however, that the crisis reporting relates more to Western
^ news values, developed arbitrarily decades -ago by editors who believed they
knew what the public wanted. -It is also probable that because of liioited
personnel, reseurees and time, the correspondent finds it more convenient
to report crises than U carry out time -consuming 'in-depth .analyses of
national development programs. These should not be interpreted aa apolo-
gies for reporting bad news in another man's country, but rather as the
reaiity of foreign correspondence. . i . „ .

3. International news co verage and useapie by the United State s mass
media are often affecte d by censorship policies and Jjnaffe^bulldln^ actlvl -
* ties of other coun trleo* . 4 .

Today, as never before, numerous countries— especially those of the
Third World-are able to control the national images the* wish to, portray*
to the rest of the world. You ask: Why should this prpve worrisome to
natichs of the West which have engineered their own .image-building for
generations? Because, in the present situation, Western societies and
their mass media have become victims of a type of international extortion,

lmt/6

©eing procured economically and politically t© enhance images and push
policies ©f other nations in the Western proso. In many nations, cen-
sorship lawa applicable to foreign correspondents have been recently

9*reivphen$tir^^

critical, or ie thought to "have outlived its usefulness as a promoter
©f those nations* policies, it is thrown out. Within the past year in
Asia, whole corps of foreign pressmen were expelled from Vietnam, Khmer
Republic, Laos, Bangladesh and India, leaving only six nations in Asia-
Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Pakistan—where
foreleg newsmen can enter freely and operate without serious hindrance. 21
A result has been that whereas heretofore, there were China watchers

stationed in Hong Keng, today there are. additionally^ Indochina watchers

2$

in Bangkok and India and Bangladesh watchers in Karachi, a less than
ideal manner in which to conduct foreign correspondence work.

In other efforts to obtain favorable co\6ra^e in the Western press,
governments have resorted to threats, intimidations cr. the staging of
extravagant pseudo-happenings. For example, Idi Amin had threatened to
expel 1 all British residents from Uganda because the British Broadcasting
Corporation had aired a show critical *of his administration,- the Chinese
had threatened to cancel m $800,000 exhibit of French technical goods in*
Peking because of official reaction to the 1973 French film, ;"The Chinese
in Paris." tin 197h, the New York Times was warned by the Chinese that
i'f it continued, to carry Taiwan advertisements, it could forget about •* .
having a bureau^ Peking. The Times refused to be intimidated, but the
Japanese press, receiving similar pressures, relented. Arab nations have
taken to blacklisting Western firms that have sponsored television shows
favorable to Israel, and countries such as North Korea and North Vietnam
have offered hug* sums of money to foreign newsmen for their services. 27

lent/7

Other fjevesiwents have flown in Western neviwen— and academicians and
politicians, I iai«ht add— and wined and dined thea in the hopes of ob-

selves newsworthy in the past two years by staging expensive pseudo-
happenings such as the Ali boxing matches or Hiss Universe pageant. The

28

astronomical purses for the "gaudy Third World road show" of All were

>

gaaranteed by the host governments} the money was probably well spent,
Judging from the voluminous number of stories filed by Western sports
and travel reporters. The moral: If a nation wants to be cohered
thoroughly In the Western press, it should stage a pseudo-happening.
*** International news coverage and useWte in United States mass

' . \* -.n-ni i j i n ,*

media are affected by a dwindling corps of adequately-trained corres -
pondents abroad, and by globally-blind editors cemented to their swivel
chairs stateside .

Surveys conducted by Wilhelm and KLiesch since 1?63 revealed that the

number of United States foreign correspondents climbed to a peak in 1969,

and has been dropping significantly ever since. In 1975, the number of

fulltime correspondents abroad was 6?6, down 28 per cent from the 929 in

1969. They were concentrated in $k nations, down from 6U in 1972. Europe

continued to dominate the United States overseas coverage with £1 per

cent of all American correspondents headquartered there. As indicated

earlier, the largest concentrations were in England (101) and France

(78), followed by Japan and Hong Kong. Asia was second to Europe in

197$ , with 23 per cent, or l6o ttiited States correspondents. Two of

every three US correspondents in Asia were in Southeast Asia, overwhelra-

29

ingly in Hong Kongj one third in East Asia, mainly in Japan. Qrimes,
seeking a rationale for the dwindling United States foreign press corps,

9

Lent/©

has said that tho econosde crimen facing aany mass madia organisations hat
mdo it leaa possible* to send reporters abroad. 30

- ^ - s ^m^nwms^6-6 wo ohouid

Voto^r^^

had called for greater aophiatication in reporting, more thorough training

of correspondents and development of larger staffs of analysts to cover
31

China. Srimea, on the other hadd, haa talked about the auperficialneaa
of accounts of foreign correapondenta, dipping in and out of a nation, not
atayiag much longer than la neceaoary to find out the name of the govern-
mental leader. Ho said, "it can take years of intimate atudy-and a
wdffcing knowledge of at least the principal local language-*to underatand
what a country and its people are really like J 2 Of course, becauae of
their diminishing numbers," and becauae their editora atill expect them to
dash off to cover the neareat crlaea, United Statea foreign correapondenta

up to expectations such aa those aet
by Crimea. As one television correapondent wrote, "...to a modern TV correa

pendent, a base city is little more than a firehouae-a place from which

33

to dash when crises flare."

Finally, American editors who give the marching orders to the correa-
pondents, have been key deciaion makera aa to what foreign news is covered
and used. Writing in the mid 1960s, Kalb aald that American edltore,
enamored of World War II European datelinea, have rarely given China a
second thought, and that "reportera develop an uncanny aensitivity to what
their editors think is news, and they have generally been ignoring China." 31 *
tevin, also discussing American editors, complained that, although modern
communications systems have sped up tranamission of news copy from abroad,
they have also kept correspondents more closely tied to their home offices,
and of course, their editors. He said that today "assignments have to

- 10

Unt/9

1 6

be approved In Hew York before e reporter goes after then. He ie in touch
^with^neiworic^l^

loee-not-heve^uff-icient-inf^
When, innbe mid lo&Js, the editors felled to nee Kong Kong at a listening
pest on the then-elesed China, Kalb; wrote*

Unfortunately, editors back in New York have thus far failed
to realize Hong Kong ie a gold mine of information about China,
and is easily the best substitute for on-the-spot reporting. They
consider Hong #ong a convenient place for changing underwear between
planeo for Saigon, Jakarta or Vientiane, or for leaving wives and
children while the reporters themselves go racing around the jungles
of Kuching or the Plains des Jarres. 36

International news coverage and uajjage by l/nited States mass
g3gjLire_gUided by an American public not generally noted f or being cos- '
mopolltan or well Informed on world affairs .

Audience analyses carried out during the past decade have revealed
that the American public, although inundated with mass media, ia not very
knowledgeable about international affairs. For example, in a study con-
ducted in the early 1960s, Patchen found that only 10 per cent of the
sample could answer correctly four internationally-oriented questions,
two of which were? «Have you happened to hear enythlifc about fighting in

Vietnam?" and "Do you happen to know what kind of government most of China
37

has right now?" Adams et al, in a nationwide survey in 1969, found that

5£ per cent of the sample heard about a minor international event for the

38

first time from the survey interviewers/ Any academician who has given
current events tests is aware of the. dismal state of international affairs
knowledge among students. In quisszea to my own Upperelass reporting classes
in the 1960a, I regularly re eel answers such ass Chow Hein is'the lead-

11

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raiatss pieMa iafowatica letela atxst «cc-t3 &f.fi3f« s i&%
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teplaia, evca tte*t piotop aal aagatasts (fos» pt^Je
teat ttepa is good ©fMeaee t&H ttt* tc& eo eiltcS dMt ussi* cite
Mjjaa a» iafomstiea p*s*f» eecy? cu ttSettifce Gf»
Paea-to^fae© ccwSKafieatikn sse^t figai m&§ fidxts 1* ctffJfeo

liavisea teallewe tl» aa§s «3is a?# ts biwm Ifcp <t§Mf Gmgtsss*
sake little effort to iattsppet ferMp fstatacai to a iKSlf &g* €«j e§
maarstoed bp a fsasa aaMfeisa.*

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saialy aaif-sappoptiag fop eeatsit, tme aol m% its am Id c§§ c.Mti^£i
and mm fara of otSgp oatisns. H*I§ «ag tFO^S to iictl £f # |^ dfc3j
pabiicatioi m mmisim ppograa^agi t&g mt& gtatif* tfelc!) «i^C7tf
109,098 heura of 17 prelaw. m*m$& (mm$ to Issa m feitt Ifej3£i^

Lent/11

i

*

imports only one to two per cent of its television shows. ^

* * * * * * *v

In summary, perhaps one cart glean what the future holds for inter-
national news coverage in American mass media from this quote by Woollacott:
The great era of the Anglo-American foreign correspondent,
a person as privileged in t>ome ways as a diplomat, travelling
around combining the role of adwnturer, entertainer, reporter,
and moralist, is coming to an end. But it is to be hoped that the
rising tide of censorship and other restrictions will in time
recede for inspite of ill the excesses and stupidities of the
Western press in Asia and Africa, there is nothing else to take
its place*

LentA2

i

Footnotes

1 The Flow of News . Zurich: International Press Institute, 1953, p. 123.

2 James Hart, "Foreign Mews in U.S. and English Daily Newspapers: A Com-
parison," Journalism Quarterly , 1*3(1966), pp. UU3-M9.

3 Hart, "The Flow of News Between the United States and Canada," Jour -
nalism Quarterly , 1*0(1963). pp. 70-7U.

1* James W. Markham, "Foreign News in the United States and South American
p ress," Public Opinion Quarterly . 25(1961), pp. 21*9-262.

5 See: John Hohenberg, Between Two Worlds: Policy, Press, and Public
Opinion in Asian-American Relations . N^w York: Praeger, 1967, p. 1*85 J
George Tsai, "A Comparative Study of the Vernacular and the English Language
Press in Taiwan," masters thesis, University of Missouri, 1969; Richard A.
Garver, "Content of Korean Language Daily Newspaper, » Gasette, 8(1968), pp.
307-309.

6 Nabil Dajani and John Donohue, "Foreign News in the Arab Press: A Con-
tent Analysis of Six Arab Dailies," Gazette , 19(1973), pp. 155-170; Ibrahim
Abu Lu «hod, "International News in the Arabic Press: A Comparative Content *
Analysis," Public Opinion Quarterly . 26(1962), pp. 600^611; Markham, o£.
cit.; Hart, "The Flow of News...," op. cit .; Hart, "Foreign News in...,»
op. cit.

7 For example, Karkham, op. cit ., and Hohenberg, op. cit .

8 Mervin D. Lynch and Atiya Effendi, "Editorial Treatment of India in the
New York Times ." Journalism Quarterly . 1*1(1961;), pp. 1*30-1*32.

; 9 Herminia Alfonso, "Reporting the Philippines in the American Press:

National Perspectives in International' News, •» masters thesis, University
of Pennsylvania, 1971.

10 The Flow of News , op. cit .

11 W. Phillips Davison, "Diplomatic Reporting: Rules of the Game," Journal

ERIC 14

Lent/13

of Communication . Autumn 1975, pp. I36-UU6.

12 Lynch and Sffendi, op. clt .

13 Alfonso, op. clt .

lit Charles Armstrong, "A Content Categorization and Thematic Analysts *
of Newsmagazine Coverage of the Tonkin Gulf Incident," masters thesis,
University of Tennessee, 1973.

15 See especially, Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, fhe CIA and the
Cult of Int elligence . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 197U.

16 -hillip Knightley, The First Casualty. From Crimea to Vietnam; Th„
War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and My th M a ^ r New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovlch, 1975, p. 355.

17 Ibid, p. 27h.

18 See, Bill Greeley, "How Much Did TV News Learn from the War in Indo-
china? Wrapups Suggest: Tbo Little," Variety , September 3, 1975, p. 33;
"TV's 'First War,'" Journal of Communication . Autumn 1975, pp. 172-199.

19 Ralph Kliesch in Overseas Press Club Directory 1975 .

20 Amelita Besa, "Coverage of Martial Law in the Philippine, in Three
International News Magazines: A Content Analysis," masters seminar paper,
Temple University, 1975.

21 Martin Woollacott, "In Search of Bad News," New Straits Times (Kuala
Lumpur), September 2, 1975, p. 10.

22 Ibid .

23 Ibid .
21* Ibid .

25 "Bangkok: US Listening Post," Parade Magazine . September 28, I9I5, p , 29

26 Barry Rubin, "Intprmtional Censorship," Columbia Journalism Review .
September-October 1975, pp. 55-58.

Lent/Hi
<■»

21 Ibid .

28 Time , September 29, 1975, p. 67. I
2? Kliesch, ojn_cit. See alao, John Wilhelm, "The Re-appearing Foreign
Correspondent: A World Survey," Journalism Quarterly . Spri» g 19 6 3 , pp . ^
168, Wilhelm, "The World Press Corps Dwindles: A Fifth World Survey of
Foreign Correspondents," Paper presented at Association for Education in
Journalism convention, Carbondale, Illinois, August 22, 1972; Kliesch,
"The Press Corps Abroad Revisited: A Fourth World Survey of Foreign Corres-
pondents," Paper presented a* Association for Education In Journalism
convention, Berkeley, California, August 27, 1969.

30 Paul Grimes, "Reporting from Abroad," Honolulu: East-West Center,
July 1972, p. h.

31 Harrison Salisbury, "Covering the Communists," Dateline 1965 . p. 22.

32 Grimes, op. cit . , p. 2.

33 Eric Levin, "It Takes^ore Than a Trenchcoat," TV- Guide . October 11,
1975, p. 10.

3k Marvin Kalb, "China: The Greatest Story Never Told," Dateline 1965.
p. 2h.

35 Levin, op. cit .

36 Kalb, op. cit. . p. 26. .

37 M. Patchen, The American Public's View of n,8. Policy Toward CMn,,
Mew York: Council on Foreign Relations, 196I,.

38 John B. Adams, James J. Mullen and Harold M. Wilson, "Diffusion of

a 'Minor' Foreign Affairs, News, Event," Journalism Quarterly . Autunn 1969,
PP. 9x$-K\; see also, John P. Robinson, Public Information About World
Affairs, Ann. Arbor: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan,- 1967.

Lent/15

39 John A. Lent, "Ill-Informed Students," Editor & Publisher . May lU,
1966, p. 7.

hO See, John T. McNelly, Ramona Rush and Michael Bishop, "Cosmopolitan

Media Usa,e in the Diffusion of International Affairs News," Journalism

^arterl£, Summer 1968, pp. 329-332; Alfred 0. Hero, Mass Media and

World Affairs, volume U, Boston: World Peace Foundation* 1959.

hi John P. Robinson, "World Affairs Information and Mass Media Exposure,"

Journalism Quarterly, Spring 1967, pp. 23,30.

hZ Davison, op. cit .. p. 1^6.

U3 Kaarle PJordenstreng and Tapio Varis, "Television Traffic-A One-Way
Street?" Reports and Papers on Mass Communication No. 70, Paris: UNESCO,
197U, pp. 12, 19, 30. * f ^

hh Woollacott, op» cit»

ERJC

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